ong tter are quarks;togeticles called gluons; and togetons and neutrons, tuff of tom’s nucleus. Leptons are trons andneutrinos. Quarks and leptons toget S. N. Bose) are particles t produce and carry forces, and include pons andgluons. t actually exist; it ed simply as a icles h mass.

    It is all, as you can see, just a little un it is t model t can explainall t icles. Most particle ps feel, as Leon Ledermanremarked in a 1985 PBS documentary, t tandard Model lacks elegance and simplicity.

    “It is too complicated. It oo many arbitrary parameters,” Lederman said. “e don’t reallysee tor ty knobs to set ty parameters to create t.” Pimate simplicity, but so far all  it: “t ture is not beautiful.”

    tandard Model is not only ungainly but incomplete. For one t  allto say about gravity. Searcandard Model as you  findanyto explain able it doesn’t float up to t noted, can it explain mass. In order to give particles any mass at all roduce tional  actually exists is a matter for ty-first-century puck  kno it is a little  leastincomplete.”

    In an attempt to draogets ring tulates t all ttle tons t icles are actually “strings”—vibrating strands of energy toscillate in eleven dimensions, consisting of time and sevenot are, o us. trings are very tiny—tiny enougopass for point particles.

    By introducing extra dimensions, superstring ts to pull togetum laational ones into one comparatively tidy package, but it also meanst anytists say about to sound  ofts t o you by a